Chromatography and spectroscopy are two major techniques used to perform quantitative and qualitative analysis of gas and liquid samples. Various sample analyzers based on these methods have been developed, differentiated by features and specifications such as: Type(s) of detectors used Type(s) of phase chemical used Operating temperature and pressure conditions Ionization method (in mass spectroscopy) […]
Environmental concerns about global warming have led to the development of emerging technologies to mitigate new emissions of greenhouse gases. Although reducing these new emissions helps to reduce the magnitude of global warming, it does not reduce the impact of previous emissions which are already in Earth’s atmosphere. A practical solution to lower previous carbon […]
The plant oil market sells over 14 billion dollars per year in the United States. Various plants contain many useful oils important for medicinal, aromatherapy, skin care, and food applications. Some examples of these uses include: Aloe vera extracts for skin treatments Peppermint oils as miticides Lemongrass oils as antimicrobials Orange blossom oil for fragrance […]
Plasma-enhanced CVD is the most popular current technique for making lab-grown diamonds. The main subtypes of modern plasma-enhanced CVD include: DC plasma jet Microwave plasma RF plasma A lesser-known subtype of plasma-enhanced CVD existing since the 1990’s which operates at ambient and positive pressures and has higher theoretical diamond growth rates than previous subtypes is […]
Six types of Generation IV nuclear reactors represent the next stage of improved safety, sustainability, efficiency, and cost of design for providing nuclear energy. Among them are: Supercritical water-cooled reactors (SCWR) Lead fast reactors (LFR) Sodium fast reactors (SFR) Molten salt reactors (MSR) High temperature gas-cooled fast reactors (HTGR) Very-high-temperature reactors (VHTR) This article focuses […]
CO2 is considered the primary fossil fuel emission related to global warming for many different manufacturing and chemical applications. As a result, there is much research to develop more efficient methods to reduce CO2 emissions through means of carbon capture, sequestration, and conversion. In contrast, ethanol is a well-known inebriant, disinfectant, and energy source. In […]
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) describes various methods to create functional coating layers using volatile gas phase compounds. There are many different types of CVD, including but not limited to MOCVD, ALD, CVI, and PECVD. Metal organic chemical vapor deposition, or MOCVD, describes CVD which uses metal complexes with organic ligands as precursors. As in other […]
In applications with extreme temperatures and pressures, severe chemistry, mixed phase fluids, and ASME BPE sanitary requirements, Alicat flow and pressure instruments benefit from pairing with Equilibar® regulators and valves. Equilibar back pressure regulators (BPRs) and flow control valves (FCVs) offer stable control across an extremely wide range of flow rates, with models offering control of Cv […]
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a subset of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) which uses cyclical deposition cycles. Unlike other types of CVD in which reactions are continuous, ALD reactions take place in separate steps so that deposition layers can be controlled more precisely, even to single-atomic layer thicknesses. Whereas other CVD techniques determine layer thickness […]
Aeration describes the process of infusing air or other gases into liquids. Aeration is an important step in various industries, including food and beverage manufacturing, fish farming, and wastewater and soil treatment. Aerating wastewater Aeration is an important step in secondary wastewater treatment. In the activated sludge process, water treatment tanks are carefully monitored for […]