Electrolysis is a promising method of green hydrogen generation, which breaks down water molecules with hydrogen and oxygen. But there are a few challenges presented by the current electrolysis process, from varying power input of renewable energy sources to the continuous drive for cost reductions. DI Water Control The low flow rates and high water […]
CO2 extraction from the atmosphere vs the ocean Direct air capture systems currently work by taking CO2 directly out of the air and removing it directly from the atmosphere where it contributes to global warming. While atmospheric direct air capture has a positive effect on the environment, it is also a relatively energy intensive process […]
The electrolysis water purity problem In totality, only some 3% of all water on the Earth is freshwater. The remaining 97% is made up of brackish water and saltwater that contain elevated levels of dissolved salts and minerals. Traditional hydrogen producing PEM electrolysis systems depend on a supply of deionized freshwater to operate at highest […]
CO2 hydrogenation As hydrogen continues to increase in popularity as a fuel, demand for methanol and ethanol are also expected to increase. These chemicals are often made using a process called CO2 hydrogenation which reduces CO2 to CO and H2O via a thermodynamically intensive process called the reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGSR). CO2 […]
Unique requirements Hydrogen is nature’s smallest and simplest element. As a result of these properties, hydrogen gas molecules are extremely small relative to all other types of gas particles. Due to this, compared to other gases, hydrogen gas has unique flow properties such as being more prone to leakage during storage or transportation. Because the […]
What is gold hydrogen? Many processes connect the oil and gas industry with the hydrogen industry. For example, blue, grey, and black hydrogen originate from oil and gas processing. Diesel and hydrogen hybrid engines combine hydrocarbon and hydrogen fuels. Oil and gas companies are leading the way into the research and development of white and […]
What is heavy water? Isotopologues are molecules which have the same chemical formula and whose atoms bond in similar arrangements, but have one or more atoms with a different number of neutrons than the parent molecule. Deuterium oxide, chemical formula D2O, more commonly referred to as heavy water, is a valuable water isotopologue in nuclear […]
Ammonia and the Haber-Bosch process In the 20th century, ammonia (NH3) was used primarily for fertilizer development. In the 21st century, ammonia is finding new use as a hydrogen energy carrier because hydrogen can easily be converted to and from ammonia. Because ammonia requires less pressure to liquefy and is easier to move or store […]
The PFAS “forever chemical” problem Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are two of hundreds of specific types of PFASs, or perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. These substances, nicknamed forever chemicals, are found in various industrial applications due to their excellent ability to repel both water and oil. As a result, PFASs are used in […]
Explaining gyrotron geothermal drilling Gyrotron technology In plasma-based nuclear fusion reactors, in order to heat plasma to temperatures often exceeding 100 million K, gyrotrons generate millimeter electromagnetic waves which produce large amounts of heat. At these extreme temperatures, all types of solid matter vaporize rapidly. Gyrotron drilling An MIT startup, Quaise, is applying this same […]