{"id":38329,"date":"2024-03-26T16:47:25","date_gmt":"2024-03-26T16:47:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alicat.com\/?post_type=article&#038;p=38329"},"modified":"2026-01-26T16:38:54","modified_gmt":"2026-01-26T16:38:54","slug":"massenstromregelung-fur-mikrobielle-brennstoffzellen-und-mikrobielle-elektrolysezellen-zur-wasserstofferzeugung","status":"publish","type":"support","link":"https:\/\/www.alicat.com\/de\/support\/mass-flow-control-for-microbial-fuel-cells-and-microbial-electrolysis-cells-for-hydrogen-production\/","title":{"rendered":"Massenstromregelung f\u00fcr mikrobielle Brennstoffzellen und mikrobielle Elektrolysezellen zur Wasserstofferzeugung"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;Mass flow control for microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells for hydrogen production&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<span data-contrast=\"none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alicat.com\/industries\/hydrogen\/\">Fuel cell and electrolysis<\/a>\u00a0research are both critical to the growth of the\u00a0future hydrogen economy\u00a0in which hydrogen will play the central role as the dominant fuel relative to hydrocarbons. To achieve this objective, hydrogen fuel cell and electrolysis researchers are focused on achieving goals such as:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lowering fixed costs of fuel cells and electrolysis cells\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lowering general energy requirements\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Increasing energy output in fuel cells\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Increasing hydrogen production in electrolysis cells\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Optimizing fuel cell and electrolysis cell operating conditions (examples: temperature, pressure, flow rate, etc.)\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What are microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">Two emerging bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) with exciting possibilities for solving some of the above challenges include microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<h3>Microbial fuel cells<\/h3>\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">Invented in the mid 2000s,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/immunology-and-microbiology\/microbial-fuel-cell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microbial fuel cells\u00a0<\/a>(MFCs) describe fuel cells which generate bioelectricity by regulating biochemical reactions catalyzed by using exoelectrogenic bacteria,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">or bacteria with the capability to convert biochemical energy to bioelectrical energy<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">. These microbial fuel cells can be used for wastewater treatment, renewable energy production, water reuse, and bioremediation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">In this fuel cell type, bacteria generate electrons and protons in the anode chamber during the oxidation of organic matter, such as acetate. Electrons travel through an external electric circuit to terminal electron acceptors (such as oxygen, nitrate, etc.) located in the cathode chamber, undergoing reduction reactions. Simultaneously, protons and cations travel to the cathode chamber through either a membrane or through an electrolyte.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<h3>Microbial electrolysis cells for hydrogen production<\/h3>\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">Conversely,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/microbial-electrolysis-cell#:~:text=Microbial%20electrolysis%20cells%20%28MECs%29%20are%20a%20novel%20and,technology%20for%20the%20use%20of%20complex%20organic%20waste.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microbial electrolysis cells<\/a>\u00a0(MECs) generate hydrogen gas (or other important gases) by using exoelectrogenic bacteria combined with a small external voltage to drive electrolysis. Since the operating power requirements are relatively small, the extra voltage can be easily supplied using solar energy. This allows for classification as a renewable form of hydrogen production.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">By combining both techniques, a microbial fuel cell can be used to generate electricity to power a microbial electrolysis cell. This enables the passive generation of hydrogen gas from biofluids using only renewable and sustainable energy sources.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<h2><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Optimizing microbial fuel cells\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<span data-contrast=\"none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/fuelcells\/hydrogen-production-microbial-biomass-conversion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microbial fuel cells<\/a>\u00a0can be designed in either single or double chamber configurations.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">In single chamber microbial fuel cells, the chamber includes an air cathode (in which oxygen flows from micro orifices from ambient air) connected to a membrane and an anode chamber.<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">Double-chamber microbial fuel cells are divided into a cathode chamber and an anode chamber through a proton exchange membrane. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) biomass solutions run through the anode chambers, releasing electrons and protons after interaction with bacteria located on the anode to generate electricity.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">Liquid flow controllers regulate the flow of biomass solutions into the chamber\/s in both configurations. Depending on the design, either gas or liquid mass flow controllers are used to flow oxygen solution into the double-chamber configuration.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">Alicat\u2019s liquid flow controllers such as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.alicat.com\/products\/liquid-flow\/liquid-flow-controller\/laminar-dp-liquid-controllers\/\">LC-Series<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.alicat.com\/products\/gas-flow\/mass-flow-controller\/gas-low-flow-coriolis-controllers\/\">CODA KC-Series<\/a>\u00a0can regulate and optimize the flow of biomass solutions into and out of the fuel cell. Adjusting flow rates allows for researchers to determine the ideal flow operating conditions.<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">Additional features and specifications for these products include: \u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>LC-Series NIST-traceable accuracy up to \u00b12% of full scale\u202f<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>CODA KC-Series Coriolis controllers NIST-traceable liquid accuracy up to \u00b10.2% of reading or \u00b10.05% of full scale, whichever is greater<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>LC-Series repeatability to \u00b10.2% of full scale<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>CODA KC-Series repeatability to \u00b10.05% of reading or \u00b10.025% of full scale, whichever is greater<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Analog, serial, and industrial protocol communication options for scheduled commands<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Optimizing microbial hydrogen electrolysis cells<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Microbial electrolysis cells generate hydrogen or other important products of electrolysis by using microbes and external voltage to drive biochemical reactions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Although microbial electrolysis cells are relatively new, there are several\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0378775318304245\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">different designs<\/a>\u00a0which have been implemented so far. Some of these include:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n\t<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fed-batch\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\t<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Continuous flow\u00a0<em>with<\/em>\u00a0effluent recycling\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\t<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Continuous flow\u00a0<em>without<\/em>\u00a0effluent recycling\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Fed-batch microbial hydrogen electrolysis cells<\/h3>\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">In fed-batch systems, a COD biomass solution is controlled by a liquid\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">mass<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0flow controller and flows into a chamber with a series of stacked MECs. This reacts for a number of days and is then purged out and is replaced by another batch of biomass solution.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">This process is repeated.<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">Alicat\u2019s liquid\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">mass<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0flow controllers can communicate to totalize and to control batching using various serial, analog, or industrial protocol options. This allows for automation of fed-batch systems.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<h3>Continuous flow with effluent recycling microbial hydrogen electrolysis cells<\/h3>\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">In continuous flow with effluent recycling, a biomass solution is continuously pumped between a reservoir and the reaction chamber at a low flow rate. The solution reacts with the microbial catalysts to produce hydrogen or other important gases, cycling through the system multiple times.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">Alicat\u2019s CODA KC-Series can be used with a meter-pump for liquid flow control without need for an external pressure source. This combination allows for movement and control of flow throughout the system, optimizing performance.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<h3>Continuous flow without effluent recycling microbial hydrogen electrolysis cells<\/h3>\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">In continuous flow without effluent recycling, COD is continuously pumped with new biomass solution. The effluent is outflowed as opposed to being recycled through the system.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">As in continuous flow with effluent recycling, a KC-Series liquid controller can be combined with a meter-pump for flow regulation.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<h3>Final thoughts<\/h3>\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">In summary, Alicat liquid\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">mass<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0flow controllers such as LC-Series and KC-Series add value to these systems by:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Increasing the accuracy, repeatability, and precision of flow measurements\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Providing batching and totalizing options for automating batches and switching biofluids<\/span><\/li>\n\t<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">KC-Series compatibility with changing or unknown fluid composition<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"featured_media":46458,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"1920","content-type":"","_searchwp_excluded":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-38329","support","type-support","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - 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